Kealey D., Haines P. Instant Notes in Analytical Chemistry

UK.: BIOS, 2002. — 352 (x+342) p. English. Interactive menu. (OCR-слой).Analytical chemists and others in many disciplines frequently ask questions such as: What is this substance?; How concentrated is this solution?; What is the structure of this molecule? The answers to these and many other similar questions are provided by the techniques and methods of analytical chemistry. They are common to a wide range of activities, and the demand for analytical data of a chemical nature is steadily growing. Geologists, biologists, environmental and materials scientists, physicists, pharmacists, clinicians and engineers may all find it necessary to use or rely on some of the techniques of analysis described in this book.
If we look back some forty or fifty years, chemical analysis concentrated on perhaps three main areas: qualitative testing, quantitative determinations, particularly by ‘classical’ techniques such as titrimetry and gravimetry, and structural analysis by procedures requiring laborious and time-consuming calculations. The analytical chemist of today has an armoury of instrumental techniques, automated systems and computers which enable analytical measurements to be made more easily, more quickly and more accurately.
However, pitfalls still exist for the unwary! Unless the analytical chemist has a thorough understanding of the principles, practice and limitations of each technique he/she employs, results may be inaccurate, ambiguous, misleading or invalid. From many years of stressing the importance of following appropriate analytical procedures to a large number of students of widely differing abilities, backgrounds and degrees of enthusiasm, the authors have compiled an up-to-date, unified approach to the study of analytical chemistry and its applications. Surveys of the day-to-day operations of many industrial and other analytical laboratories in the UK, Europe and the USA have shown which techniques are the most widely used, and which are of such limited application that extensive coverage at this level would be inappropriate. The text therefore includes analytical techniques commonly used by most analytical laboratories at this time. It is intended both to complement those on inorganic, organic and physical chemistry in the Instant Notesseries, and to offer to students in chemistry and other disciplines some guidance on the use of analytical techniques where they are relevant to their work. We have not given extended accounts of complex or more specialized analytical techniques, which might be studied beyond first- and second-year courses. Nevertheless, the material should be useful as an overview of the subject for those studying at a more advanced level or working in analytical laboratories, and for revision purposes.
The layout of the book has been determined by the series format and by the requirements of the overall analytical process.Abbreviations.Section A – The nature and scope of analytical chemistry.
Analytical chemistry, its functions and applications.
Analytical problems and procedures.
Analytical techniques and methods.
Sampling and sample handling.
Calibration and standards.
Quality in analytical laboratories.
Section B − Assessment of data.
Errors in analytical measurements.
Assessment of accuracy and precision.
Significance testing.
Calibration and linear regression.
Quality control and chemometrics.
Section C − Analytical reactions in solution.
Solution equilibria.
Electrochemical reactions.
Potentiometry.
pH and its control.
Titrimetry I: acid–base titrations.
Complexation, solubility and redox equilibria.
Titrimetry II: complexation, precipitation and redox titrations.
Gravimetry.
Voltammetry and amperometry.
Conductimetry.
Section D − Separation techniques.
Solvent and solid-phase extraction.
Principles of chromatography.
Thin-layer chromatography.
Gas chromatography: principles and instrumentation.
Gas chromatography: procedures and applications.
High-performance liquid chromatography: principles and instrumentation.
High-performance liquid chromatography: modes, procedures and applications.
Electrophoresis and electrochromatography: principles and instrumentation.
Electrophoresis and electrochromatography: modes, procedures and applications.
Section E − Spectrometric techniques.
Electromagnetic radiation and energy levels.
Atomic and molecular spectrometry.
Spectrometric instrumentation.
Flame atomic emission spectrometry.
Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.
X-ray emission spectrometry.
Atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectrometry.
Ultraviolet and visible molecular spectrometry: principles and instrumentation.
Ultraviolet and visible molecular spectrometry: applications.
Infrared and Raman spectrometry: principles and instrumentation.
Infrared and Raman spectrometry: applications.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry: principles and instrumentation.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry: interpretation of proton and carbon-13 spectra.
Mass spectrometry.
Section F − Combined techniques.
Advantages of combined techniques.
Sample identification using multiple spectrometric techniques data.
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Gas chromatography–infrared spectrometry.
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Section G − Thermal methods.
Thermogravimetry.
Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.
Thermomechanical analysis.
Evolved gas analysis.
Section H – Sensors, automation and computing.
Chemical sensors and biosensors.
Automated procedures.
Computer control and data collection.
Data enhancement and databases.
Further reading.